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Loon Programs
Threats to Loons on Lake Temagami
By Doug Payne, Island 1213
Loons are so serene and beautiful to watch, it’s hard to imagine the risks they face (e.g., death, illness, and reduced productivity). This article will discuss the most important of these: lead, mercury, and botulism.
Lead Poisoning:
Loons are exposed to lead in the forms of fishing jigs and other tackle, sometimes from the bottom of the lake after a fishing line breaks, or most likely from eating a fish which has ingested a lead jig and broken the line. The lead gets into the loon’s blood stream and rapidly kills the loon. Only a tiny amount of lead is required to kill a loon (no more than a tenth of a gram).
Loons are plentiful in New England, and they are observed carefully by cottagers. Virtually all loons found dead in New England, from whatever cause, are sent to Mark Pokras, an Associate Professor at the Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine in Grafton, Massachusetts for autopsy. Consistently over the years, about half of these loons have died of lead poisoning, based on x-ray identification of the lead jig and the finding of the jig in the loon’s gastrointestinal tract. Recently New Hampshire banned the sale of lead fishing tackle.
X-Ray of a Loon That Has Ingested Lead Fishing Tackle
The TLA has made a considerable effort over the last few years to exchange non-lead tackle for angler’s lead tackle. Non-lead tackle is widely available from multiple sources. The Loon Preservation Committee in New Hampshire finds most useful tackle from Timmy Tom’s Lead Free Jig Company in Arkansas (http://timmytoms.com).
Mercury Poisoning:
Elemental mercury enters the atmosphere through emissions from coal-burning power plants, mostly from the northeastern States. It falls in rain to soil and water bodies, where micro-organisms convert it to an organic form, methyl mercury, which can be passed on up the food chain to other fish and animals that eat these micro-organisms. The details have been elucidated in publications from the Biodiversity Research Institute in Maine (www.briloon.org) for both upland birds and waterfowl.
Mercury exposure can be (but is generally not) fatal for loons and other waterfowl. However, it can cause neurological behavioural abnormalities and negatively affect productivity. Eggs may not hatch, and if they hatch, the chicks may show severe neurological behavioural aberrations.
To determine whether or not Temagami loons have dangerously-high mercury levels, sport fish were caught in the Summer of 2013, and mercury levels in their tissues were measured in Dr. Murray Richardson’s lab at Carleton University in Ottawa. The levels were reported in the Winter 2014 Temagami Times and were considered moderate. Mercury levels in adult fish, however, are a long way from levels in small fish, and in adult loons and loon chicks. I submitted Murray’s data to Neil M. Burgess of the Canadian Wildlife Service, Atlantic Region, Environment Canada. Dr. Burgess has an extensive research background in mercury analysis of fish of various sizes, as well as adult loons and loon chicks. He assured me that, based on the mercury levels in our adult fish, it is very unlikely that Temagami loons have dangerous levels of mercury in their systems.
Botulism:
At a recent research meeting at the Loon Preservation Committee in New Hampshire, I met David Evers, Director of the Biodiversity Research Institute in ME, which has a long history of research in loons and the diseases that affect them. David informed me of the serious loss of loons from Botulism in the Great Lakes. In one instance, 7,000 dead loons were found on the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario.
Background from United States Geological Survey, Great Lakes Restoration Initiative 1 provides the following details:
“Botulism outbreaks are causing extensive mortality of fish and fish-eating birds in the Great Lakes. Botulism results from ingestion of neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which leads to paralysis and death in infected animals. Periodic outbreaks of type-E botulism have occurred in the Great Lakes since at least the 1960s, but outbreaks have become more common and widespread since 1999, particularly in Lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario. Botulism has been responsible for over 80,000 bird deaths on the Great Lakes since 1999.
Loon Nest With Eggs – Lake Temagami (Photo by Susie Shane)
Spores of the botulinum bacterium are naturally widely distributed in the environment, but toxin production occurs only when suitable environmental conditions allow spore germination and growth. Scientists suspect the conditions needed to promote toxin production are related to local soil and water conditions, and well as the presence of invasive species, such as zebra mussels, quagga mussels, and round gobies (but these links have not yet been proven).”
So, the neurotoxin in this bacterium works its way from micro-organisms in the lake bottom, to zebra mussels, and into 2-6″ round goby fish, which are consumed by loons. The loons then become paralyzed, cannot breathe, and die.
Effects on Temagami Loons?
Is the loon population on Lake Temagami decreasing, and, if so, have Temagami loons migrated across Lakes Erie and Ontario and died from Botulism? This question makes the new TLA loon population survey particularly relevant. Continuing this survey on a regular basis will be important.
X-Ray image courtesy of Dr. Mark Pokras, Associate Professor, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Wildlife Clinic and Center for Conservation Medicine. Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
